Nader gallimore (2006) pdf download free

In other words, Mintzberg differentiates between strategic planning and strategic thinking. In his viewpoint, strategic planning must follow strategic thinking. He argues that strategic planning focuses on analysis and formalization, whereas strategic thinking is based on synthesis, intuition and creativity Seyed Kalali et al. Bonn defines strategic thinking as a method of solving strategic problems which combines a rational and convergent approach with divergent and creative thinking processes.

He believes that people create meaning and understand subjects through construction of mental representations. Thus, he claims that decision-makers with high strategic thinking capabilities exhibit higher diversity in their representation systems Seyed Kalali et al. Other researchers have also tried to clarify the concept of strategic thinking.

They consider the strategic thinking construct to be comprised of three main dimensions: systems thinking capability, reflecting capability, and reframing capability. In the present research, strategic thinking has been regarded as a cognitive capability compatible with the viewpoint presented by Pisapia et al.

Entrepreneurial orientation Covin and Slevin have divided firms into the two groups of entrepreneurial and conservative. Non- entrepreneurial or conservative firms are those in which the top management style is decidedly risk-averse, non-innovative, and passive or reactive. Due to broader application of the viewpoint of Covin and Slevin in entrepreneurship studies, in the present research, entrepreneurial orientation has been considered as concurrent exhibition of risk-taking, innovative and proactive behavior.

Proactiveness is an opportunity-seeking, forward-looking perspective characterized by the introduction of new products and services ahead of the competition and acting in anticipation of future demand Rauch, Wiklund, Lumpkin, Frese, So far numerous studies have been conducted on antecedents and consequences of EO, yet the number of studies conducted on performance consequences of EO e.

Strategic thinking capability can be considered as an important antecedent of EO. Considering the above, it seems that top managers who have stronger systems thinking capability can come up with more solutions for the problems. New solutions can indicate the presence of innovativeness in the organization.

In order to succeed in innovative activities, managers should have a holistic view and be able to make relationships between various parts of the organization. Nowadays, only those organizations succeed in innovation that can create necessary systems, processes, and capabilities for innovativeness.

To this end, the presence of top managers with high analytical capabilities is essential. In addition, intuitive thinking can lead to technical and scientific breakthroughs and enhance the level of organizational innovativeness Sadler-Smith, Therefore, the presence of top managers with high levels of reflecting capability can strengthen organizational innovativeness.

Approaching the issues and challenges from various, and occasionally contradictory, perspectives and paradigms can put new solutions before people. Basically, innovativeness occurs through creativity and experimentation Rauch et al. Thus, given the positive effect of all three dimensions of strategic thinking capability on innovativeness, it could be concluded that: H1. A Typology of Strategic Relationships in Religious Tourism Business Networks 2- Strategic thinking and proactiveness Proactive firms are opportunity-seeking and forward-looking and try to be always ahead of the competition Rauch et al.

By introducing new products and services to the market, proactive firms can shape their environment and establish themselves as market leaders. Search for achieving market leadership is the behavior of proactive firms Anderson et al. It appears that managers who have a holistic view of the issues before them and use logic and intuition simultaneously to solve them, will be able to find suitable solutions faster than their competitors.

In particular, using intuition helps them to have a futuristic approach to new technologies and emerging environmental opportunities. Moreover, top managers who see issues from different viewpoints will create different firms. Evidently, those firms can become market leaders that are not similar to others and exhibit a different behavior than their competitors.

Therefore, given the positive effect of all three dimensions of strategic thinking capability on proactiveness, it could be concluded that: H2. Naturally, managers who weigh all the issues, assess the mutual effects of various factors on each other, and listen to different viewpoints before making a decision, will be able to make better decisions. Thus, there is a possibility that the outcome of meticulous and collaborative analysis of weaknesses and strengths of organization and environmental opportunities and threats, lead managers to the conclusion that under certain circumstances, it is necessary to enter a new and risky business.

On the other hand, considering all issues and over-assessment may reduce decision-making speed and tends to make managers conservative. While top managers who can engage their logic and intuition simultaneously, are more prone to take risks.

Thus, given the positive effect of the dimensions of strategic thinking capability on risk-taking, it could be concluded that: H3. Future researchers can empirically examine the hypotheses proposed here. Studying the role of moderating variables in the relationship between strategic thinking capability and entrepreneurial orientation can also be considered in future. References Anderson, B.

The influence of firm age and intangible resources on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm growth among Japanese SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, 28 3 , Anderson, B. Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation. In one embodiment, the electrical components associated with a temple arrangement or a temple adapter is for enhancing the hearing of the person wearing the corresponding pair of glasses.

There can be at least a microphone and a speaker in a temple arrangement or a temple adapter. The microphone can be close to an ear of the user when the glasses are worn by the user, and can be a directional microphone. The microphones can be a microphone in a temple adapter, such as the microphone in FIG. The microphones can be in a temple arrangement. The microphone in a temple arrangement can be attached to a temple tip, a temple fit-over or a temple cover.

The microphones can be positioned to be in front of the user's ears so that the microphones will not be affected by the shadowing effect of the ears. The speaker can be inserted into the ear, as in some of the speakers previously described.

In another embodiment, there are two sets of microphones and speakers, such as in two temple arrangements or temple adapters.

In the vicinity of each ear, there is a temple arrangement or temple adapter with its corresponding microphone and speaker. The microphones again can be directional, one pointing generally outwards in a position close to the left ear, and one pointing generally outwards in a position close to the right ear. Alternatively, the microphones can point forward. The microphone and the speaker close to an ear do not have to be in very close proximity to each other, as in many hearing aids existing nowadays.

They can be spaced apart by, such as, one to several inches, with the microphone being directional and pointing to the front and to either the left or the right of the user, and with the speaker pointing toward or inserted into the corresponding ear of the user. Such a distance apart can significantly reduce feedback effect of existing hearing aids.

Another advantage of such a hearing enhancement device is that users may not need to be fitted into ears with ear molds. In any case, additional details on hearing enhancement are further described in the related applications that have been incorporated herein by reference, such as U.

The various embodiments of the invention noted above, whether temple arrangement or temple adapter, can have a cable or cord attached or attachable thereto. The cable or cord has one or more conductors. The cable or cord can serve to provide electrical signals to or receive electrical signals from the temple arrangement or the temple adapter.

In one embodiment, one end of a cable or cord attaches to a temple arrangement or temple adapter either permanently or via a connector and the other end of the cable or cord attaches either permanently or via a connector to an electronic device. As an example, the electronic device can be an audio output device e.

In a first example, the cable or cord could provide a male audio stereo connector at one end, and a pair of female audio connectors at the opposite end, each being for use with a different temple.

In a second example, the cable or cord could provide a set of connectors, such as a male mini-phone connector 2. In one embodiment, the cable or cord can also have a switch coupled thereto so as to permit a user to switch modes. For example, if the temple arrangement or temple adapter provides a speaker and microphone to a pair of eyeglasses, a switch on a cable or cord that connects the temple arrangement or temple adapter to an electronic device could provide different switch positions for different electronic devices or different functional modes of operation of a single electronic device.

As an example, if the electronic device is or operates as an audio player, a first switch position could be used. Alternatively, if the electronic device is or operates as a mobile telephone, a second switch position could be used.

Additional discussion of suitable cables and cords is provided in the related applications that have been incorporated herein by reference. Electrical components can form an electronic module. The electronic module can provide radiation monitoring, wireless communication, enhanced hearing, etc.

A radiation monitoring system can be partially or fully contained in a temple arrangement or temple adapter associated with a temple of a pair of glasses. Typically, the temple arrangement or temple adapter can be removable from the temple. In another embodiment, an electronic component in a temple arrangement or temple adapter interacts with another electronic component in another part e.

For example, a temple of a pair of glasses holds one portion of an electronic circuit. That portion can include generic parts, such as a battery, that are applicable to different applications. Another portion of the electronic circuit is in a temple arrangement or temple adapter. This portion can be application specific, such as an electronic clock without a battery, or a temperature sensor. In yet another embodiment, the electrical components can provide audio player capabilities.

In such an embodiment, the electrical components can include audio file storage, an audio player and a battery. The electrical components may or may not include wireless communication circuitry. Further, in an alternative embodiment, the output of an operation indicator can be audio.

The audio output can be from one or more speakers associated with the frame of the eyeglasses. Such audio output can signal the user using natural language, voice synthesis, pre-recorded messages, etc.

In another embodiment, the electrical components can include a memory module. The memory module provides non-volatile data storage. For example, the memory module can be a portable or removable memory device e. The memory module can, for example, store sensor information which can be over an extended period of time. Such memory module can be remotely interrogated using wireless communication circuitry, or can be accessed through a wired connection with a tethered device.

In one embodiment, the electrical connection s can alternatively be used to allow information stored in the electrical components to be accessed or queried by a device. For example, when the electrical components include a memory module, the memory module can be accessed to read data e. In such case, the electrical components within the temple arrangement or temple adapter alone or together with eyeglass electrical components can implement a radiation monitoring system.

The radiation being monitored can, for example, pertain to one or more of UV, infrared and gamma radiation. In one embodiment, sunlight is considered as a type of radiation. In any case, additional details on radiation monitoring are further described in the related applications that have been incorporated herein by reference. Also, the electrical components can pertain to health or fitness monitoring circuitry. In such case, the electrical components within the temple arrangement or the temple adapter alone or together with eyeglass electrical components can implement a health or fitness monitoring system.

Additional details on health or fitness monitoring are further described in the related applications that have been incorporated herein by reference. In yet another embodiment, an electronic component in a temple arrangement or a temple adapter of a frame of eyeglasses interacts with an electronic component of an apparatus tethered to the eyeglasses to perform an operation. For example, a temple arrangement or a temple adapter of a pair of eyeglasses holds one portion of an electronic system, and a tethered apparatus that tethers to the pair of eyeglasses includes another portion of the electronic system.

Still further, the invention can provide a new approach to marketing accessories, namely, electrical accessories, for eyewear. This enables the customer to browse and select at least one temple arrangement or temple adapter. Each of the temple arrangements or temple adapters can have one or more electrical components at least partially embedded therein, with different temple arrangements or temple adapters providing different electrical capabilities.

Once a temple arrangement or temple adapters has been selected, the selected temple arrangement or temple adapters can be coupled to one of the corresponding temples of the eyewear e. In the case where the selected temple arrangement is a temple tip, the selected temple tip is inserted onto e. In the case where the selected temple adapter is to be coupled, the selected temple adapter can be attached to the corresponding temple.

Thereafter, the customer can make use of the eyewear with its associated electrical capabilities provided by the temple arrangement or temple adapters. If the customer does not like the current selected temple arrangement or temple adapter, the customer can repeat the process by selecting and testing another temple arrangement or temple adapter.

Before providing the eyewear with the temple arrangement or temple adapter, the customer can be required to pay a purchase or rental price for at least the temple arrangement or the temple adapter. Thereafter, the customer can be permitted to return and replace the temple arrangement or temple adapter with another temple arrangement or temple adapter.

Such returns or replacements can be available only for a limited period of time following their purchase. The various aspects, embodiments, implementations and features of the invention noted above can be combined in various ways or used separately.

Those skilled in the art will understand from the description that the invention can be equally applied to or used in other various different settings with respect to various combinations, aspects, embodiments, implementations or features provided in the description herein. Certain aspects of the invention can be implemented in software, hardware or a combination of hardware and software.

Certain aspects of the invention can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, magnetic tape, optical data storage devices, and carrier waves. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over network-coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.

The advantages of the invention are numerous. Different embodiments or implementations may yield one or more of the following advantages.

One advantage of the invention is that electrical components can be provided integral with or attached to a temple arrangement or a temple adapter for use with a pair of eyeglasses. Yet another advantage of the invention is the ability to provide hands-free wireless communications capability.

Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will become obvious to those skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. The description and representation herein are the common meanings used by those experienced or skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present invention.

Further, the order of blocks in process flowcharts or diagrams representing one or more embodiments of the invention do not inherently indicate any particular order nor imply any limitations in the invention. The many features and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the written description and, thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention.

Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation as illustrated and described. Hence, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to as falling within the scope of the invention. An eyewear frame, comprising: a first temple having a first end and a second end, with the second end having a first temple arrangement that fits over at least a portion of the second end of the first temple;.

An eyewear frame as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least while said eyewear frame is being worn, the first and second temple arrangements are not in physical contact with one another.

An eyewear frame as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electronic device comprises a sensor, and. An eyewear frame as recited in claim 1 , wherein the temple arrangement having the electronic device is designed so that it can be removed and re-attached from the corresponding temple by a person wearing said pair of glasses. An eyewear frame as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electronic device interacts with still another electronic device tethered to said pair of glasses.

A pair of glasses, comprising: a pair of temples, each of the temples having a rearward portion that fits over an ear of a person when said pair of glasses is being worn by the person;. A pair of glasses as recited in claim 5 , wherein the another electronic device is selected from the group of: a battery, a solar cell, a display, a controller, a memory device and a beeper. A pair of glasses as recited in claim 6 , wherein the at least one electronic device comprises an integrated circuit.

A pair of glasses as recited in claim 6 , wherein the at least one electronic device comprises a sensor, and. A pair of glasses as recited in claim 6 , wherein the temple arrangement is designed so that it can be removed and re-attached from the corresponding temple by a person that can wear said pair of glasses.

A pair of glasses as recited in claim 6 , wherein said pair of glasses further comprises another temple arrangement attached to another of the temples. A pair of glasses as recited in claim 6 , wherein the temple arrangement is a temple tip configured to secure the one of the temples. A pair of glasses as recited in claim 6 , wherein said pair of glasses are selected from the list of sunglasses, fit-over glasses, prescription glasses, reading glasses and safety glasses.

A pair of glasses as recited in claim 6 , wherein the rearward portion of the one of the temples includes an angular bend, and wherein the temple arrangement is attached to the one of the temples via the rearward portion and extends over the angular bend. A pair of glasses as recited in claim 14 , wherein the temple arrangement has a shape, and wherein the shape of the temple arrangement conforms to or has a configuration similar to the rearward portion of the temple. A pair of glasses, comprising: a pair of temples, each of the temples having a rearward portion, with at least a portion of the rearward portion being configured to fit over an ear of a person when said pair of glasses is being worn by the person; and.

A pair of glasses, comprising: a pair of temples, each of the temples having a rearward portion, with at least a portion of the rearward portion being configured to fit over an ear of a person when said pair of glasses is being worn by the person;. A pair of glasses as recited in claim 17 , wherein at least one of the at least one electronic device or the another electronic device is a circuit board having at least one electronic device coupled thereto.

A pair of glasses as recited in claim 17 , wherein at least one of the at least one electronic device or the another electronic device is an integrated circuit device. A pair of glasses as recited in claim 20 , further comprising another electronic device embedded in the one of the temples having the temple arrangement attached thereto, the another electronic device being operatively interconnected with the electronic device embedded in the temple arrangement via interconnection of the first electrical connector and the second electrical connector.

USP true Eyewear with multi-part temple for supporting one or more electrical components. USB2 en. USB1 en. Wearable computer with superimposed controls and instructions for external device. Determining correlated movements associated with movements caused by driving a vehicle. Systems, apparatus, and methods for using eyewear, or other wearable item, to confirm the identity of an individual.

Faster state transitioning for continuous adjustable 3Deeps filter spectacles using multi-layered variable tint materials.

Systems and methods for tracking motion, performance, and other data for an individual such as a winter sports athlete. Systems, apparatus, and methods for using a wearable device to monitor operator alertness.

Eyeglasses with hearing enhanced and other audio signal-generating capabilities. CAA1 en. A response scoring system for verbal behavior within a behavioral stream with a remote central processing system and associated handheld communicating devices. USA1 en. Method and apparatus for predictive, context-aware, and networked exposure time monitoring.

Wireless sensor and system that determines exposure to an enviromental element based on local conditions. Fashion eyewear frame that houses circuitry to effect wireless audio communication while providing extraneous background noise cancellation capability.

Head-mounted display apparatus for retaining a portable electronic device with display. EPA1 en. See-through near-eye display glasses with the optical assembly including absorptive polarizers or anti-reflective coatings to reduce stray light.

Optical imperfections in a light transmissive illumination system for see-through near-eye display glasses. See-through near-eye display glasses including an auto-brightness control for the display brightness based on the brightness in the environment. Sensor-based command and control of external devices with feedback from the external device to the ar glasses.

See-through near-eye display glasses with a light transmissive wedge shaped illumination system. Grating in a light transmissive illumination system for see-through near-eye display glasses. System and method for delivering content to a group of see-through near eye display eyepieces. AR glasses with event and sensor triggered AR eyepiece interface to external devices. See-through near-eye display glasses with a fast response photochromic film system for quick transition from dark to clear.

WOA2 en. WOA1 en. KRB1 en. Glass apparatus and Method for controlling glass apparatus, Audio apparatus and Method for providing audio signal and Display apparatus. Authenticating a user on behalf of another user based upon a unique body signature determined through bone conduction signals. USDS1 en. Panel for audible monitoring of electrical components and the detection of electrical faults.

USA en. Sunburn warning device comprising detecting the ultra-violet component of solar radiation. GBA en. Low power system and method for communicating audio information to patrons having portable radio receivers. Personal electronic listening system with an air and bone transducer mounted on the clothing collar.

FRA1 en. Safety protective glasses having automatically adjustable transmission using liquid crystals. CNU en. Ultraviolet ray measuring apparatus for predicting sunburn level and for obtaining spf values of cosmetics. Liquid crystal variable color density lens and eye protective devices incorporating the same. Electro-optical system for measuring and analyzing accumulated short-wave and long-wave ultraviolet radiation exposure.

Silicon carbide photodiode with improved short wavelength response and very low leakage current. USDS en. System and method for providing multiple broadcasts of audio information to spectators. Use of test strips to determine the UV intensity or to pre-determine the duration of stay in the sun without sunburn.

Protective eyewear including an integral thermoluminescent dosimetry chip for measuring facial exposure to ionizing radiation. Camera system for capturing a sporting activity from the perspective of the participant.

Bruxism biofeedback apparatus and method including acoustic transducer coupled closely to user's head bones.

EPA2 en. Gazing point illuminating device and surgical operation illuminating system using the same. TWB en. Electrostatic processing chamber for performing electrostatic flocking and coating operations. Table 3 shows the Fuzzified Matrix of the elements of strategic thinking. In this matrix, the relationship of each of the seven dimensions with other dimensions has been shown. The members of the focus group consisted of six senior managers of Iranian holding companies.

Based on their opinions, weak relationships among the research factors were eliminated and the direction of the relationships was also determined. As it can be seen in Figure 1, the relationship among five elements of having vision, ability to analyze, having systems thinking, questioning and creativity have been shown with solid lines and their relationship with the two elements of ability to make synergy and ability to create advantage have been shown with dotted lines.

Based on the opinions of the research experts, the two elements of ability to make synergy and ability to create advantage are the results of strategic thinking and the five elements of having vision, ability to analyze, having systems thinking, ability to question and creativity are enablers of strategic thinking.

A better understanding of strategic thinking will help organizations to recruit and hire individuals who think more strategically. Furthermore, a better understanding of strategic thinking can improve the quality of decisions made by managers. Research in the field of strategic thinking is still new and undeveloped; thus, it is essential that the results of studies such as the present study be tested in other industries and geographical areas to allow for creation and development of more complete and accurate models of strategic thinking.

References Axelrod, R. Structure of decision: The Cognitive Maps of political elites. Bonn, I. Developing strategic thinking as a core competency. Management Decision, 39, Improving strategic thinking: A multilevel approach. Casey, A. Enhancing the ability to think strategically: A learning model. Management Learning, 41, Checkland P, Haynes MG. Varieties of systems thinking: The case of soft systems methodology.

System Dynamics Review — Dunbar, K. Scientific thinking and reasoning. Morrison Eds. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Gallimore, K. Developing a Tentative Framework for Strategic Thinking. British Academy of Management Conference. Glaser, E. An experiment in the development of critical thinking. Graetz, F. Strategic thinking or strategic planning. Long Range Planning, 31 3 , Liedtka, J. Long Range Planning, 31, pp. Linkow, P. What gifted strategic thinkers do?

Mintzberg, H. The fall and rise of strategic planning. Monnavarian, A. Strategic thinking in Benetton. Business Strategy Series, 12 2 , Napier N.